E4: Anthozoa

Join hosts Anna, Christina and Olivia to learn about the class Anthozoa which compromises corals and anemones. Discover the characteristics and phylogenetic differences that make the subclass of Anthozoa, Hexacorallia, unique. In addition, we’ll be chatting about some of the microorganisms, toxins, and pathogens present in these organisms. We hope you will look forward to learning about some solutions on the horizon to save the corals from the impacts that humans have had in their environment.

Sources:

Fun Facts

Heimbuch, J. 6 fascinating facts about coral reefs. MNN - Mother Nature Network(2017). https://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/animals/blogs/5-fascinating-facts-about-coral-reefs. (Accessed: 30th March 2018)

Phylogeny

https://www.coolgalapagos.com/animals/cnidaria_jellyfish_coral_sea_anemone.php

W. A. Oliver  Jr, Origins and relationships of Paleozoic coral groups and the origin of the Scleractinia. The Paleontological Society Papers. 1, 107–134 (1996).

T. L. Shearer, M. J. H. V. Oppen, S. L. Romano, G. Worheire, Slow mitochondrial DNA sequence evolution in the Anthozoa. Molecular ecology. 11, 2475–2487 (2002).

F. Sinniger, V. Häussermann, Zoanthids (Cnidaria: Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) from shallow waters of the southern Chilean fjord region, with descriptions of a new genus and two new species. Organisms Diversity and Evolution. 9, 23–36 (2009).

F. Sinniger, J. I. Montoya-Burgos, P. Chevaldonné, J. Pawlowski, Phylogeny of the order Zoantharia (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) based on the mitochondrial ribosomal genes. Marine Biology. 147, 1121–1128 (2005).

F. Sinniger, J. D. Reimer, J. Pawlowski, Potential of DNA Sequences to Identify Zoanthids (Cnidaria: Zoantharia). Zoological Science. 25, 1253–1260 (2008).

http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/cnidaria/anthozoa.html

http://tolweb.org/Anthozoa

Characteristics

Cnidaria, tolweb.org/Cnidaria.

Hickman, C. P. (2018). Animal Diversity. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education. 156-162.

J. D. Reimer, F. Sinniger, Y. Fujiwara, S. Hirano, T. Maruyama, Morphological and molecular    characterisation of Abyssoanthus nankaiensis, a new family, new genus and new species of deep-sea zoanthid (Anthozoa:Hexacorallia:Zoantharia) from a north-west Pacific methane cold seep. Invertebrate Systematics. 21, 255 (2007).

 J. D. Reimer, M. Nonaka, F. Sinniger, F. Iwase, Morphological and molecular characterization of a new genus and new species of parazoanthid (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) associated with Japanese Red Coral. Coral Reefs. 27, 935–949 (2008).

J. D. Reimer, P. A. Todd, Preliminary Molecular Examination of Zooxanthellate Zoanthids (Hexacorallia:Zoantharia) and Associated Zooxanthellate (Symbiodinium spp.) Diversity in Singapore. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. Supplement, 103–120 (2009).

J. D. Reimer, S. Ono, J. Tsukahara, F. Iwase, Molecular characterization of the zoanthid genus         Isaurus (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) and associated zooxanthellae (Symbiodinium spp.)                     from Japan. Marine Biology. 153, 351–363 (2008).

Zoantharia, tolweb.org/zoantharia.

Microbiota

W. Sun, F. Zhang, L. He, Z. Li, Pyrosequencing Reveals Diverse Microbial Community Associated with the Zoanthid Palythoa australiae from the South China Sea. Microb. Ecol. 67, 942–950 (2014).

Toxins

P. Seemann, C. Gernert, S. Schmitt, D. Mebs, U. Hentschel, Detection of hemolytic bacteria from Palythoa caribaeorum (Cnidaria, Zoantharia) using a novel palytoxin-screening assay. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Int. J. Gen. Mol. Microbiol. 96, 405–411 (2009).

Human Impact

G. V. B. Paulino, C. R. Félix, L. Broetto, M. F. Landell, Diversity of culturable yeasts associated with zoanthids from Brazilian reef and its relation with anthropogenic disturbance. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 0–1 (2017).

G. V. B. Paulino, L. Broetto, V. S. Pylro, M. F. Landell, Compositional shifts in bacterial communities associated with the coral Palythoa caribaeorum due to anthropogenic effects. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 114, 1024–1030 (2017).

Holobiont

C. Carlos, T. T. Torres, L. M. M. Ottoboni, Bacterial communities and species-specific associations with the mucus of Brazilian coral species. Sci. Rep. 3 (2013), doi:10.1038/srep01624.

Breaking News

Gibbens, S. Floating Sunscreen-Like Film Could Protect the Great Barrier Reef. National Geographic (2018). https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/03/sun-shield -film-protection-great-barrier-reef-coral-bleaching-spd/. (Accessed: 30th March 2018)